![]() ![]() Even small changes in cloud amount, location, and type could have large consequences. Clouds have an enormous impact on Earth's climate, reflecting about one-third of the total amount of sunlight that hits Earth's atmosphere back into space. A feedback that increases an initial warming is called a "positive feedback." A feedback that reduces an initial warming is a "negative feedback." 3 The net effect of aerosols, dust, smoke, and soot is cooling.Ĭlimate feedbacks: processes that can either amplify or reduce the effects of climate forcings. Other kinds of particles, such as black carbon, have a warming effect. Sulfate aerosols, which result from burning coal, biomass, and volcanic eruptions, tend to cool Earth. Very small airborne particles come from both human and natural sources and have various effects on climate. 2 These greenhouse gases absorb and then re-radiate heat in Earth’s atmosphere, which causes increased surface warming. ![]() Burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) from 280 parts per million to 416 parts per million. Since the Industrial Revolution, concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), and nitrous oxide (N 2O) have risen in the atmosphere. 1 The solar cycle is incorporated into climate models. The Sun has an 11-year sunspot cycle, which causes a very small variation in the Sun’s output reaching Earth. Scientists also use evidence from proxy measurements, such as sunspot counts going back centuries and ancient tree rings, to indirectly measure the amount of Sun that reaches Earth’s surface. Solar irradiance is the change in solar radiation (sunlight) Earth receives from the Sun. Earth system science is the study of how scientific data coming from various fields of research, such as the atmosphere, oceans, land ice, and others, fit together to form the current picture of our planet as a whole, including its changing climate.Ĭlimate scientists separate factors that affect climate change into three categories: forcings, feedbacks, and tipping points.įorcings: The initial drivers of climate. ![]()
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